Perception of photovoltaic energy consumption in the Spanish primary sector. An environmentally profitable alternative.

Agriculture and livestock farming are activities that depend on energy consumption. Photovoltaic self-consumption systems can reduce the production costs of these actors, especially in periods of high-energy price volatility. This work aimed to determine the degree of implementation of photovoltaic self-consumption systems, their relationship with the economic impact of the energy crisis, and the perception of producers to use renewable energy sources in the Spanish agricultural system as it is one of the most important at European level. For this purpose, a survey of the Spanish agricultural and livestock system, involving 396 primary producers, was carried out between December 2022 and March 2023. The results suggest that self-consumption systems are in place in 49.1% of all farms and that these have had a positive effect in alleviating the rising energy costs suffered by the Spanish primary sector. In summary, Spanish primary producers generally have a favorable perception of the use of renewable energies on their farms, especially photovoltaic. However, the cluster analysis shows the fact that there are two types of producers, active and passive, from an environmental point of view. The characterization of this type of producers can help the Spanish Administration to improve the efficiency of its energy strategy, and can be a source of inspiration for the governments of other countries.

Telepsychiatry: The future is already present.

This review paper analyzes the state of knowledge on Telepsychiatry (TP) after the crisis caused by COVID and the resulting need to use new modalities of care. Six essential aspects of TP are addressed: patient's and mental health staff satisfaction, diagnostic reliability, effectiveness of TP interventions, cost-effectiveness in terms of opportunity cost (or efficiency), legal aspects inherent to confidentiality and privacy in particular and the attitude of professionals toward TP. Satisfaction with TP is acceptable among both patients and professionals, the latter being the most reluctant. Diagnostic reliability has been demonstrated, but requires further studies to confirm this reliability in different diagnoses and healthcare settings. The efficacy of TP treatments is not inferior to face-to-face care, as has been proven in specific psychotherapies. Finally, it should be noted that the attitude of the psychiatrist is the most decisive element that limits or facilitates the implementation of TP.

Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on the mental health of the general population and health care workers / Impacto de la pandemia de COVID-19 en la salud mental de la población general y de los trabajadores sanitarios

The Health Sciences Foundation has assembled a multidisciplinary group around a series of questions about the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on the mental health of the general population and specific groups within that population, particularly healthcare workers.In the general population, the most prevalent mental disorders have been anxiety, sleep disorders and affective disorders, primarily depression. There has been a considerable increase in suicidal behavior, especially in young women and men over 70 years of age. There has been an increase in alcohol abuse and nicotine, cannabis and cocaine use. In contrast, the use of synthetic stimulants during periods of confinement has decreased. With regard to non-substance addictions, gambling was very limited, pornography consumption increased significantly and there was an increase in compulsive shopping and the use of video games.Particularly vulnerable groups include adolescents and patients with autism spectrum disorders. Healthcare workers suffered an increase in depression, anxiety and post-traumatic stress, especially those who were exposed during the early stages of the pandemic. Female sex, being a nurse, proximity to patients with COVID-19, working in a rural environment and having previous psychiatric or organic illnesses were some of the most frequently repeated factors in various studies in this population group.The media have shown a good degree of knowledge about these problems and have dealt with them frequently and from the point of view of ethics, crisis situations, such as the one experienced, have triggered not only physical but also moral claudications. (AU)

La Fundación de Ciencias de la Salud ha reunido a un grupo multidisciplinar alrededor de una serie de preguntas sobre el impacto de la pandemia de COVID-19 en la salud mental de la población en general y de grupos específicos de dicha población, particularmente los trabajadores sanitarios.En la población general, los trastornos mentales más prevalentes han sido la ansiedad, los trastornos del sueño y los trastornos afectivos, fundamentalmente la depresión. Se ha producido un aumento considerable de la conducta suicida, especialmente en mujeres jóvenes y varones mayores de 70 años. Se ha incrementado el abuso de alcohol y los consumos de nicotina, cannabis y cocaína.Por el contrario, ha disminuido el consumo de los estimulantes sintéticos durante los periodos de confinamiento. Respecto a las adicciones sin sustancia, el juego de apuestas quedó muy limitado, el consumo de pornografía experimentó un incremento notable y hubo un aumento de la compra compulsiva y del uso de videojuegos.En cuanto a grupos particularmente vulnerables hay que destacar el de los adolescentes y el de los enfermos con trastornos del espectro autista. Los sanitarios han sido un grupo especialmente vulnerable, en particular los que estuvieron expuestos durante las primeras fases de la pandemia. El sexo femenino, el ser enfermera, la proximidad a los pacientes con COVID-19, el ejercicio en un medio rural y padecer enfermedades psiquiátricas u orgánicas previas, fueron algunos de los factores más frecuentemente repetidos en diversos estudios en este grupo de población. Depresión, ansiedad y estrés post-traumático fueron los trastornos más frecuentes.Los medios de comunicación han mostrado un buen grado de conocimiento sobre estos problemas y los han tratado con frecuencia. Desde el prisma de la ética, las situaciones de crisis, como la vivida, han desencadenado claudicaciones no solo físicas sino también morales. (AU)

Evaluating the Effect of a Telepsychiatry Educational Program on the Awareness, Knowledge, Attitude, and Skills of Telepsychiatry Among Spanish Psychiatrists during COVID-19 Pandemic.

Introduction: The COVID-19 pandemic has renewed the interest in telepsychiatry as a way to help psychiatrists care for their patients, but mental health providers' unfamiliarity and concerns may impede implementation of such services. This study aimed to determine the effect of an online educational intervention on awareness, knowledge, attitude, and skills (AKAS) of telepsychiatry among psychiatrists. Methods: The study used a pre-post-test design to compare AKAS of telepsychiatry among psychiatrists participating in an online course of practical telepsychiatry. The telemedicine AKAS questionnaire adapted to telepsychiatry was applied before and after the educational intervention, during the months of October to December 2020. Results: Responses from 213 participants were analyzed before the educational intervention and from 152 after it. The knowledge showed by Spanish psychiatrists before the educational intervention was good in 61% of participants, fair in 37%, and inadequate in 2%. With respect to attitudes toward telepsychiatry, 62% self-reported a high attitude, 33% moderate, and 5% low. With regard self-reported skills, 57% of the participating psychiatrists were highly skilled or experts, 22% moderately skilled, and 9% unskilled in handling telepsychiatry equipment. Despite the high baseline values, the educational intervention significantly improved psychiatrists' awareness, knowledge and attitudes toward telepsychiatry although not their skills. Conclusions: Online course of practical telepsychiatry was effective although future editions need to improve its focus on skills. This educational intervention represents an effort to promote the implementation of telepsychiatry as a health care alternative.

Is there such a thing as gambling dual disorder? Preliminary evidence and clinical profiles.

Patients with gambling disorder (GD) frequently present other mental disorders, such as substance use disorder (SUDs), attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), mood disorders, and impulse-control disorders. We propose that GD should not be conceptualized as a single nosological entity, but rather as a gambling dual disorder (GDD). This study aims to provide further evidence of the co-occurrence of GD and other mental disorders in routine clinical practice and to identify different clinical profiles of severity. This descriptive, cross-sectional, and observational study included 116 patients with GD who were undergoing treatment in a specialized center. The MULTICAGE-CAD 4 and South Oaks gambling screen questionnaires confirmed the presence of GD in 97.4% and 100% of the patients, respectively. Other addictive behaviors such as compulsive spending, Internet, video games, or SUD (59.5%, 27.6%, 11.2%, and 13.8%, respectively) were also identified. The most used substances were tobacco (42.2%) and alcohol (5.2%). Half of the patients suffered from ADHD, 30.2% showed moderate or severe depression, and 17.2% suffered from a social anxiety problem. The majority (76.7%) also presented a phenotype with high impulsiveness. The cluster analysis identified two different clinical profiles of severity in patients with GDD. One profile showed higher severity of other mental disorders (ADHD, depression, anxiety, SUD, or insomnia), impulsivity, general psychopathological burden, and disability. In conclusion, our study provides further evidence on the co-occurrence of GD and other mental disorders supporting the GDD existence, shows impulsiveness as a vulnerability factor for GD, and identifies two clinical severity profiles.

Sustainable and circular agro-environmental practices: A review of the management of agricultural waste biomass in Spain and the Czech Republic.

Sustainable and circular production models, such as the circular economy and circular bioeconomy, have become key mechanisms to leave behind the traditional linear model of food production. Under this approach and considering the waste biomass potential available in Spain and the Czech Republic, the main objective of this study is to analyse the most relevant aspects of the generation, use and regulation of agricultural waste biomass (AWB) in both countries. For this purpose, a scientometric analysis and systematic review of published research in the Scopus database were carried out. A complementary analysis of AWB management policies and regulations was also part of the methodology. The results show that Spain has published almost twice as much research as the Czech Republic. Furthermore, 91% of the retrieved research prioritizes the characterization and estimation of the potential of more than 15 AWB types. Among the main ones are olive residues, horticultural residues and wheat straw, which are used for producing organic amendments, bioenergy and biofuels. The results confirm that the reduction and valorization of AWB is an issue that has become more important in the last 13 years, mainly due to the policies and strategies for circular economy and circular bioeconomy. With this in mind, this study provides relevant information for governments on the aspects that need to be improved to advance in the valorization of AWB. This study also provides guidance to farmers on the reduction and/or recovery alternatives that they can implement to move towards sustainable and circular agriculture.

Sustainability and circularity in fruit and vegetable production. Perceptions and practices of reduction and valorization of agricultural waste biomass in south-eastern Spain.

This study aims to conduct an exploratory and comparative analysis between Fruit and Vegetable Producer Organizations (FVPOs) and fruit and vegetable producers that are not part of these organizations (Non-FVPOs) regarding the prioritization, perception, and adoption of sustainable and circular practices. For this purpose, data was collected from both groups through an online survey. Statistical techniques for the comparison of two independent groups (chi-square test, Fisher's exact test, and Mann-Whitney U test) were used to examine the differences on a sample of 14 FVPOs and 22 Non-FVPOs from Spain. Although the results show more similarities than differences between the two groups, they highlight that FVPOs are more likely to prioritize environmental factors and implement both green manuring and biodegradable raffia as the main Agricultural Waste Biomass (AWB) reduction and/or valorization practices. In addition, the findings point to the relevance of environmental considerations and specifically to the Sustainable and Circular Production Models (SCPMs) as an alternative to the traditional fruit and vegetable production system. Theoretically, the results mainly contradict resource and first mover advantage arguments by revealing that more resourceful organizations do not necessarily possess better environmental management. This study also provides innovative information and relevant contributions for governments. It allows them to identify aspects that should be strengthened in relation to policies, regulatory frameworks, and/or strategies that promote sustainable and circular production systems for both FVPOs and Non-FVPOs. In addition, it contributes with implications, for organizations and farmers, how to improve actions and opportunities to advance the transition to SCPMs.

Dependencia emocional y maltrato en mujeres víctimas de violencia contra la pareja / [Emotional dependence and abuse in women victims of intimate partner violence]

Los objetivos principales de este trabajo han sido estudiar la dependencia emocional (DE) existente en mujeres maltratadas y no maltratadas en relaciones de pareja duraderas con la “Escala de dependencia emocional de la pareja” (SED; Camarillo et al., 2020). Se examinó la relación existente entre la DE con variables clínicas y de personalidad y se establecieron unos puntos de corte para detectar el riesgo de violencia de pareja (VP) en mujeres en función de la DE. La muestra estuvo formada por 257 personas, 144 mujeres maltratadas en tratamiento y 113 mujeres no maltratadas. Las mujeres maltratadas puntuaron significativamente más y con una magnitud mucho mayor que las mujeres no maltratadas en todas las dimensiones de la DE. A su vez, la DE en las mujeres maltratadas estaba positivamente relacionada con la depresión, la ansiedad y la impulsividad y negativamente con la autoestima. Se han establecido unos puntos de corte para detectar el riesgo de VP en función de la DE. Por último, se señalan algunas limitaciones de este estudio y se plantean líneas de investigación futuras.

The main objectives of this paper have been to analyze the emotional dependency in battered and non-battered women when they are involved in lasting relationships with the Partner’s Emotional Dependency Scale (SED; Camarillo et al., 2020). The relationship was examined between emotional dependency and clinical and personality variables (anxiety, depression, self- esteem, and impulsivity), and cut-off points were established to detect the risk of intimate partner violence according to emotional dependency. The sample consisted of 257 people, 144 battered women in treatment and 113 non- battered women with the same demographics. Battered women scored much higher than non-battered women on all dimensions of emotional dependency. In turn, emotional dependency in battered women was significant and positively associated to depression, anxiety, and impulsivity and negatively to self-esteem. Some cut-off points have been suggested to detect the risk of intimate partner violence according to emotional dependency. Lastly, implications of this study for future research in this field are commented upon.

The Management of Agriculture Plastic Waste in the Framework of Circular Economy. Case of the Almeria Greenhouse (Spain).

In recent decades, ecosystems have suffered diverse environmental impacts caused by anthropogenic activities, including the dumping of plastic waste. This situation has prompted the European Union to introduce a new policy based on the circular economy. In this study, the present state and future perspectives on the generation and treatment of plastic waste in the intensive agriculture of Almeria (Spain) are analyzed. This activity generates 1503.6 kg·ha-1·year-1, on average, of plastic waste with an approximate treatment cost of 0.25 €/kg. The present study shows that the volume of plastic waste from intensive agriculture in Almeria is constantly increasing (48,948.2 tons in 2020/21) and it is suggested that the current management system does not meet the needs of the sector. Although it presents great opportunities for improvement under the framework of the circular economy. Furthermore, this work reports a direct relationship between the price of the raw materials needed for the production of plastic and the volume of recycled plastics. For this reason, it would be advisable for the administration to consider the implementation of a tax rebate system for the sector and specifically when the petroleum derivatives used to manufacture plastic are less expensive, and the recycling option is not so attractive.

Study to determine relevant health outcome measures in opioid use disorder: Multicriteria decision analysis. / Estudio para la determinación de medidas de resultados en salud relevantes en el trastorno por consumo de opiáceos. Análisis de decisión multicriterio.

The aim of the current study was to establish the most relevant health outcomes to assess opioid substitution treatment programmes (OSP) in patients with opioid use disorder (OUD) in Spain. A multicriteria decision analysis was applied in 3 phases: 1) concepts and criteria definitions; 2) criteria screening and weighting by means of a discrete choice experiment; 3) deliberative process. Criteria established in phase 1 were: substance use (opioids, alcohol, tobacco, stimulants and cannabis), other mental disorders (affective/anxiety disorder, psychosis, attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, borderline personality disorder, antisocial personality disorder, gambling disorder and other impulse control disorders), level of disability, adherence, medical illnesses (medical comorbidities, risk behaviours, infectious and sexually transmitted diseases), psychosocial aspects (hostile and/or violent behaviour and work problems), functional disability (quality of life, treatment and service satisfaction, social functionality). In phase 2, the most relevant factors in OSP were determined, and subsequently assessed in the deliberative process: remission of substance use (opioids, alcohol and stimulants), improvement of other mental disorders (psychosis and borderline personality disorder), improvement in comorbidity management, and improvement in social functionality, with a weighting of 56.5%, 21.9%, 11.0%, and 10.7%, respectively. The current analysis defines the main health outcomes in OSP in patients with OUD in Spain, supporting decision making and socio-health management of existing resources.

El objetivo fue establecer los resultados en salud con mayor relevancia en la evaluación de programas de tratamiento de sustitución de opiáceos (PTSO) en pacientes con trastorno por consumo de opiáceos (TCO) en España. Se realizó un análisis de decisión multicriterio con 3 fases: 1) definición de conceptos y criterios a evaluar; 2) cribado y ponderación de criterios mediante un experimento de elecciones discretas; 3) proceso deliberativo. Los criterios de la fase 1 fueron: consumo de sustancias (opiáceos, alcohol, tabaco, estimulantes y cannabis), trastornos mentales (trastorno afectivo ansioso, psicosis, trastorno por déficit de atención e hiperactividad, trastorno límite de personalidad, trastornos de personalidad antisocial, trastorno por juego y otras alteraciones del control de los impulsos), nivel de discapacidad, adherencia, enfermedades médicas (comorbilidades, conductas de riesgo, enfermedades infecciosas y de transmisión sexual), aspectos psicosociales (conducta hostil y/o violenta, presencia de problemas laborales), discapacidad funcional (calidad de vida, satisfacción con el tratamiento y servicio, funcionamiento social). En la fase 2 se determinaron los factores fundamentales en la elección de un PTSO, revisados en el proceso deliberativo: remisión del consumo de sustancias (opiáceos, alcohol y estimulantes), mejoría en el manejo de otros trastornos mentales (psicosis y trastorno límite de la personalidad), mejoría en manejo de comorbilidades médicas y mejoría en el funcionamiento social, con un peso del 56,5%, 21,9%, 11,0% 10,7% respectivamente. Este análisis define los resultados sanitarios más relevantes en PTSO en pacientes con TCO en España, favoreciendo la toma de decisiones y la gestión socio-sanitaria de los recursos existentes.

Estudio para la determinación de medidas de resultados en salud relevantes en el trastorno por consumo de opiáceos. Análisis de decisión multicriterio / Study to determine relevant health outcome measures in opioid use disorder: Multicriteria decision análisis

El objetivo fue establecer los resultados en salud con mayor relevancia en la evaluación de programas de tratamiento de sustitución de opiáceos (PTSO) en pacientes con trastorno por consumo de opiáceos (TCO) en España. Se realizó un análisis de decisión multicriterio con 3 fases: 1) definición de conceptos y criterios a evaluar; 2) cribado y ponderación de criterios mediante un experimento de elecciones discretas; 3) proceso deliberativo. Los criterios de la fase 1 fueron: consumo de sustancias (opiáceos, alcohol, tabaco, estimulantes y cannabis), trastornos mentales (trastorno afectivo ansioso, psicosis, trastorno por déficit de atención e hiperactividad, trastorno límite de personalidad, trastornos de personalidad antisocial, trastorno por juego y otras alteraciones del control de los impulsos), nivel de discapacidad, adherencia, enfermedades médicas (comorbilidades, conductas de riesgo, enfermedades infecciosas y de transmisión sexual), aspectos psicosociales (conducta hostil y/o violenta, presencia de problemas laborales), discapacidad funcional (calidad de vida, satisfacción con el tratamiento y servicio, funcionamiento social). En la fase 2 se determinaron los factores fundamentales en la elección de un PTSO, revisados en el proceso deliberativo: remisión del consumo de sustancias (opiáceos, alcohol y estimulantes), mejoría en el manejo de otros trastornos mentales (psicosis y trastorno límite de la personalidad), mejoría en manejo de comorbilidades médicas y mejoría en el funcionamiento social, con un peso del 56,5%, 21,9%, 11,0% 10,7% respectivamente. Este análisis define los resultados sanitarios más relevantes en PTSO en pacientes con TCO en España, favoreciendo la toma de decisiones y la gestión socio-sanitaria de los recursos existentes

The aim of the current study was to establish the most relevant health outcomes to assess opioid substitution treatment programmes (OSP) in patients with opioid use disorder (OUD) in Spain. A multicriteria decision analysis was applied in 3 phases: 1) concepts and criteria definitions; 2) criteria screening and weighting by means of a discrete choice experiment; 3) deliberative process. Criteria established in phase 1 were: substance use (opioids, alcohol, tobacco, stimulants and cannabis), other mental disorders (affective/anxiety disorder, psychosis, attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, borderline personality disorder, antisocial personality disorder, gambling disorder and other impulse control disorders), level of disability, adherence, medical illnesses (medical comorbidities, risk behaviours, infectious and sexually transmitted diseases), psychosocial aspects (hostile and/ or violent behaviour and work problems), functional disability (quality of life, treatment and service satisfaction, social functionality). In phase 2, the most relevant factors in OSP were determined, and subsequently assessed in the deliberative process: remission of substance use (opioids, alcohol and stimulants), improvement of other mental disorders (psychosis and borderline personality disorder), improvement in comorbidity management, and improvement in social functionality, with a weighting of 56.5%, 21.9%, 11.0%, and 10.7%, respectively. The current analysis defines the main health outcomes in OSP in patients with OUD in Spain, supporting decision making and socio-health management of existing resources

Gambling Dual Disorder: A Dual Disorder and Clinical Neuroscience Perspective.

Several behaviors, including compulsive gambling, have been considered non-substance-related addictive disorders. Categorical mental disorders (e.g., DSM-5) are usually accompanied by very different symptomatic expressions (affective, behavioral, cognitive, substance abuse, personality traits). When these mental disorders occur with addictive disorders, either concomitantly or sequentially over the life span, this clinical condition is called a dual disorder. Gambling disorder (GD) has been associated with other categorical psychiatric diagnoses: attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, depression, bipolar disorder, social anxiety, schizophrenia, substance use disorder, antisocial personality disorder; and dimensional symptoms including higher impulsivity, poorer emotional wellbeing, cognitive distortion, psychosis, deficient self-regulation, suicide, poorer family environment, and greater mental distress. We are calling this clinical condition Gambling Dual Disorder. From a clinical perspective, it is clear that Gambling Dual Disorder is not the exception but rather the expectation, and this holds true not just for GD, but also for other mental disorders including other addictions. Mental disorders are viewed as biological disorders that involve brain circuits that implicate specific domains of cognition, emotion, and behavior. This narrative review presents the state of the art with respect to GD in order to address current matters from a dual disorder, precision psychiatry, and clinical neuroscience perspective, rather than the more subjective approach of symptomatology and clinical presentation. This review also presents Gambling Dual Disorder as a brain and neurodevelopmental disorder, including from the perspectives of evolutionary psychiatry, genetics, impulsivity as an endophenotype, the self-medication hypothesis, and sexual biological differences. The wide vision of the disease advances a paradigm shift, highlighting how GD and dual disorders should be conceptualized, diagnosed, and treated. Rethinking GD as part of a dual disorder is crucial for its appropriate conceptualization from the perspective of clinical neuroscience and precision psychiatry.

Partner’s Emotional Dependency Scale: Psychometrics.

INTRODUCTION: Emotional dependency in a partner implies an excessive permanent affectional bonding to the other individual that is dysfunctional, associated with low self-esteem and conceals a lack of affection. Emotional dependency generates a series of negative emotional consequences: symptoms of anxiety and depression, obsessive thoughts, sleep disorders and abandonment of social relations and leisure. In recent decades several tools have been developed to measure emotional dependency, but they are more focused on measuring dependent personality disorder, centered on an exclusively young population or are not validated in the Spanish population. The aim of this research is to design and validate a new scale to overcome these limitations. METHOD: The sample population included 166 adults (53 men and 113 women) from the general population, to whom a new scale was applied (partner’s emotional dependency scale, SED), as well as the CDE (Emotional Dependency Questionnaire). RESULTS: The scale has a unidimensional structure, showing good internal consistency (Cronbach’s alpha = .90) and a high convergent validity with the CDE (r = .86). There is no difference between men and women with regarding emotional dependency. Some cut-off points have been established based on the degree of emotional dependency (low, moderate, high and extreme). CONCLUSIONS: The SED is a brief assessment tool, simple to conduct and allows the degree of emotional dependency to be assessed unidimensionally with regard to a stable intimate relationship (current or past) in a normative population.

Escala de Dependencia Emocional de la Pareja: propiedades psicométricas / Partner's Emotional Dependency Scale: Psychometrics

INTRODUCCIÓN: La dependencia emocional de la pareja implica una vinculación afectiva permanente excesiva de la otra persona, que resulta disfuncional, que se asocia con una baja autoestima y que encubre carencias afectivas. La dependencia emocional genera una serie de consecuencias emocionales negativas: síntomas ansioso-depresivos, pensamientos obsesivos, alteraciones del sueño y abandono de relaciones sociales y de ocio. En las últimas décadas se han desarrollado diferentes instrumentos para medir la dependencia emocional, pero están más centrados en medir el trastorno de personalidad por dependencia, se focalizan en una población exclusivamente joven o no están validados en población española. El objetivo del estudio es diseñar y validar una nueva escala que haga frente a estas limitaciones. MÉTODO: La muestra ha contado con 166 personas adul-tas (53 hombres y 113 mujeres) de la población general, a las que se ha aplicado la nueva escala (Partner's Emotional Dependency Scale, SED) y el CDE (Cuestionario de Dependencia Emocional). RESULTADOS: La escala presenta una estructura unidimensional, muestra una buena consistencia interna (alfa de Cronbach = 0,90) y una alta validez convergente con el CDE (r = 0,86). No hay diferencias entre hombres y mujeres res-pecto a la dependencia emocional. Se establecen unos pun-tos de corte en función del grado de dependencia emocional (bajo, moderado, alto y extremo). CONCLUSIONES: La SED es un instrumento de evaluación breve, sencillo de cumplimentar y que permite evaluar unidimensionalmente el grado de dependencia emocional con respecto a la relación de pareja estable (actual o pasada) en una población normativa

INTRODUCTION. Emotional dependency in a partner implies an excessive permanent affectional bonding to the other in-dividual that is dysfunctional, associated with low self-esteem and conceals a lack of affection. Emotional dependency generates a series of negative emotional consequences: symptoms of anxiety and depression, obsessive thoughts, sleep disorders and abandonment of social relations and leisure. In recent decades several tools have been developed to measure emotional dependency, but they are more focused on measuring dependent personality disorder, centered on an exclusively young population or are not validated in the Spanish population. The aim of this research is to design and validate a new scale to overcome these limitations. METHOD. The sample population included 166 adults (53 men and 113 women) from the general population, to whom a new scale was applied (partner's emotional dependency scale, SED), as well as the CDE (Emotional Dependency Quesionnaire). RESULTS. The scale has a unidimensional structure, showing good internal consistency (Cronbach's alpha = .90) and a high convergent validity with the CDE (r = .86). There is no difference between men and women with regarding emotional dependency. Some cut-off points have been established based on the degree of emotional dependency (low, moderate, high and extreme). CONCLUSIONS. The SED is a brief assessment tool, simple to conduct and allows the degree of emotional dependency to be assessed unidimensionally with regard to a stable intimate relationship (current or past) in a normative population

Impact of coronavirus syndromes on physical and mental health of health care workers: Systematic review and meta-analysis.

BACKGROUND: Health care workers (HCW) are at high risk of developing physical/mental health outcomes related to coronavirus syndromes. Nature and frequency of these outcomes are undetermined. METHODS: PRISMA/MOOSE-compliant (PROSPERO-CRD42020180205) systematic review of Web of Science/grey literature until 15th April 2020, to identify studies reporting physical/mental health outcomes in HCW infected/exposed to Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome -SARS-, Middle East Respiratory Syndrome -MERS-, Novel coronavirus -COVID-19-. Proportion random effect meta-analyses, I2 statistic, quality assessment and sensitivity analysis. RESULTS: 115 articles were included (n=60,458 HCW, age 36.1±7.1, 77.1% female). Physical health outcomes: 75.9% HCW infected by SARS/MERS/COVID-19 reported fever (95%CI=65.9-83.7%, k=12, n=949), 47.9% cough (95%CI=39.2-56.8%, k=14, n=970), 43.6% myalgias (95%CI=31.9-56.0%, k=13, n=898), 42.3% chills (95%CI=20.2-67.9%, k=7, n=716), 41.2% fatigue (95%CI=18.2-68.8%, k=6, n=386), 34.6% headaches (95%CI=23.1-48.2%, k=11, n=893), 31.2% dyspnoea (95%CI=23.2-40.5%, k=12, n=1003), 25.3% sore throat (95%CI=18.8-33.2%, k=8, n=747), 22.2% nausea/vomiting (95%CI=14.9-31.8%, k=6, n=662), 18.8% diarrhoea (95%CI=11.9-28.4%, k=9, n=824). Mental health outcomes: 62.5% HCW exposed to SARS/MERS/COVID-19 reported general health concerns (95%CI=57.0-67,8%, k=2, n=2254), 43.7% fear (95%CI=33.9-54.0%, k=4, n=584), 37.9% insomnia (95%CI=30.9-45.5%, k=6, n=5067), 37.8% psychological distress (95%CI=28.4-48.2%, k=15, n=24,346), 34.4% burnout (95%CI=19.3-53.5%, k=3, n=1337), 29.0% anxiety features (95%CI=14.2-50.3%, k=6, n=9191), 26.3% depressive symptoms (95%CI=12.5-47.1%, k=8, n=9893), 20.7% post-traumatic stress disorder features (95%CI=13.2-31%, k=11, n=3826), 16.1% somatisation (95%CI=0.2-96.0%, k=2, n=2184), 14.0% stigmatisation feelings (95%CI=6.4-28.1%, k=2, n=411). LIMITATIONS: Limited amount of evidence for some outcomes and suboptimal design in several studies included. CONCLUSIONS: SARS/MERS/COVID-19 have a substantial impact on the physical and mental health of HCW, which should become a priority for public health strategies.

Analysis of the Circular Economic Production Models and Their Approach in Agriculture and Agricultural Waste Biomass Management.

As of now, circular economic production models of the circular economy (CEPMs), which include circular economy, bioeconomy, and circular bioeconomy, are among the main tools characterizing development policies in different countries. During the last five years, policies and strategies regarding CEPMs have promoted and contributed to the development of research on this topic. The evolution and most relevant aspects of the three CEPMs previously mentioned have been analyzed from a sample of 2190 scientific publications obtained from the Scopus database. Bibliometric analysis has been used to evaluate the approach of these models in agriculture and to introduce the ways in which they address the management of agricultural waste biomass (AWB). Results show that the circular economy is the most studied and prioritized model in China and most European countries, with the UK leading the way. Germany leads in topics related to the bioeconomy. The management policies and strategies of the circular bioeconomy are key to promoting research focused on AWB valorization since bioenergy and/or biofuel production continue to be a priority.

Highly ductile amorphous oxide at room temperature and high strain rate.

Oxide glasses are an integral part of the modern world, but their usefulness can be limited by their characteristic brittleness at room temperature. We show that amorphous aluminum oxide can permanently deform without fracture at room temperature and high strain rate by a viscous creep mechanism. These thin-films can reach flow stress at room temperature and can flow plastically up to a total elongation of 100%, provided that the material is dense and free of geometrical flaws. Our study demonstrates a much higher ductility for an amorphous oxide at low temperature than previous observations. This discovery may facilitate the realization of damage-tolerant glass materials that contribute in new ways, with the potential to improve the mechanical resistance and reliability of applications such as electronic devices and batteries.

Profit Analysis of Papaya Crops under Greenhouses as an Alternative to Traditional Intensive Horticulture in Southeast Spain.

The high-yield agricultural model in Almería is based on eight different crops. Having led fruit and vegetable exports in Spain for more than 50 years, a decrease in melon and watermelon growing areas in Almería caused a change in supply that affected the model's profit. Papaya cultivation could reactivate the profit of the agricultural model in Almería and also improve the available product range. The papaya crop needs greenhouse infrastructures high enough to contain the growth and size of the plants during a cycle crop, which is possible in most of the greenhouses of the Horticultural production model of Almería. The papaya harvests obtained in the region meet the quality requirements demanded by European markets. Furthermore, yields obtained are equal or higher than yields obtained by other producing countries. This crop improves profit compared with the profit obtained from the rotation of other horticultural crops that have been traditionally grown in the region.

The Production and Quality of Different Varieties of Papaya Grown under Greenhouse in Short Cycle in Continental Europe.

In Europe, papaya consumption is growing due to its nutritional properties. The proximity of consumer markets to Southeast Spain allows fruits to be harvested at a more advanced stage of maturity compared to exporting countries from outside Europe, a timeline which improves the quality of the papaya. Experiments have been carried out to assess the adaptation of papaya to protected cropping systems (under greenhouse) in the region. In this paper, we showed the results obtained in an experiment with five varieties, taking the most cultivated variety as control, which was grafted on its own female rootstock, in addition to another four new varieties that were introduced. Transplanting was made with early sex-identified plants in the nursery. Cultivation was developed in a 446-day cycle, almost 15 months and fruits were always harvested from the soil, due to the height that the plant reached in that period. The best yield parameters and fruit characteristics were obtained from hermaphrodite Intenzza papaya grafted on female papaya rootstock, although there were also other varieties which gave results that made possible its cultivation under this production system.

Complexity analysis of spontaneous brain activity in mood disorders: A magnetoencephalography study of bipolar disorder and major depression.

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: The lack of a biomarker for Bipolar Disorder (BD) causes problems in the differential diagnosis with other mood disorders such as major depression (MD), and misdiagnosis frequently occurs. Bearing this in mind, we investigated non-linear magnetoencephalography (MEG) patterns in BD and MD. METHODS: Lempel-Ziv Complexity (LZC) was used to evaluate the resting-state MEG activity in a cross-sectional sample of 60 subjects, including 20 patients with MD, 16 patients with BD type-I, and 24 control (CON) subjects. Particular attention was paid to the role of age. The results were aggregated by scalp region. RESULTS: Overall, MD patients showed significantly higher LZC scores than BD patients and CONs. Linear regression analyses demonstrated distinct tendencies of complexity progression as a function of age, with BD patients showing a divergent tendency as compared with MD and CON groups. Logistic regressions confirmed such distinct relationship with age, which allowed the classification of diagnostic groups. CONCLUSIONS: The patterns of neural complexity in BD and MD showed not only quantitative differences in their non-linear MEG characteristics but also divergent trajectories of progression as a function of age. Moreover, neural complexity patterns in BD patients resembled those previously observed in schizophrenia, thus supporting preceding evidence of common neuropathological processes.